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Introduction of Intermediate Rail Fasteners
Jan 20, 2022
Intermediate Rail Fasteners can be separate (type D2 and D4 for wooden and type KP for reinforced concrete sleepers), undivided (crutches with linings having three crutch holes for wooden sleepers and type JB for reinforced concrete sleepers) and mixed (type D0- crutches with linings having five crutch holes for wooden sleepers).
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The most common design of intermediate rail fastening on the track with wooden sleepers is a crutch fastening. In this design, wedged double-chord linings with five crutch holes are used: three for setting crutches at the sole of the rail (two of them are on the inside) and two for sheathing crutches, for the convenience of stitching which the lining has bumpers. To protect against cutting through the wood of the sleepers, the liningshave rounded bottom edges at the ends and are laid on pads made of polymer materials (composite or rubber). Crutches have a length of 165 mm, a cross section of 16 × 16 mm, an oval head; deep crutches are available in lengths of 205, 230, 255, 280 mm. For more stable pressing of rails to linings and sleepers, heat-treated curved crutches with springy properties can be used. In separate intermediate fasteners (type D2 and D4), the lining is attached to the sleeper with screws, and the rail to the sleeper with clamps and clamp bolts . These types of fasteners have many details, high metal consumption, but allow laying a seamless track on wooden sleepers and straightening the path by installing additional under-rail gaskets between the sole of the rail and the lining.
Intermediate Rail Fasteners for the track on reinforced concrete sleepers are used of two main types: lining type KB with a rigid clamp and non-lining type KB with a spring clip. In the fastening of the KB, the lining having two ribs is attached to the sleeper with two embedded bolts that are inserted into the sleeper holes and after turning 90°rest against the shoulders into the washer. A inserted dowel is installed under the nut and washer of the prestressed bolt, which provides electrical insulation of the bolt from the lining. An insulating rubber grooved gasket is placed under the lining, which also reduces the rigidity of the structure. Usually the rubber gasket has a thickness of 7 mm, in a sleeper with a recess for a sub-rail tie plate - 14 mm. Clamp bolts securing the clamps are inserted into the holes of the dovetail rib. Leaning with one foot into the lining and the other into the sole of the rail, the clamps fix the rail on the lining. To reduce the rigidity and greater stability of pressing the sole of the rail to the sleeper, a double coil washer is placed under the nut of the terminal bolt, and gaskets are placed under the sole of the rail. The position of the rail can be adjusted in height up to 14 mm by laying additional polyethylene gaskets. The installation of a elastic clamp of the "Crab" type allows you to further reduce the rigidity of the structure. The rail fastening of the reinforced concrete has two prestressed bolts that press the spring clips to the sleeper and the sole of the rail. At the plate terminal, the lower branch reaches the edge of the sole, and the upper branch presses the sole of the rail to the sleeper. The insulation of the prestressed bolt is similar to the insulation of the KB fastener. The rail is insulated from the sleeper by placing a rubber gasket that serves as a shock absorber at the same time. The elastic properties of the clip ensure stable pressing of the sole of the rail to the gasket and sleeper. The fastening of the reinforced concrete does not allow adjusting the rails in height and has insufficient resistance to horizontal lateral forces in steep curves. The main disadvantages of KB rail fasteners - high rigidity and multi-detail - make it possible to eliminate BP-type rail fasteners. At the same time, it remains possible to adjust the position of the rail in height. The fastening of the BP is universal, since when the sub-rail tie plare is deepened by 25 mm, it can be used without lining, but with elastic gaskets and clips. The non-slip ZHBR rail fastener is characterized by increased reliability compared to ZHB rail fastener. As well as the BP-type rail fasteners, it has a prestressed under-rail tie plate and a spring clip in which the sole of the rail is overlapped by its upper and lower branches.
The most common design of intermediate rail fastening on the track with wooden sleepers is a crutch fastening. In this design, wedged double-chord linings with five crutch holes are used: three for setting crutches at the sole of the rail (two of them are on the inside) and two for sheathing crutches, for the convenience of stitching which the lining has bumpers. To protect against cutting through the wood of the sleepers, the liningshave rounded bottom edges at the ends and are laid on pads made of polymer materials (composite or rubber). Crutches have a length of 165 mm, a cross section of 16 × 16 mm, an oval head; deep crutches are available in lengths of 205, 230, 255, 280 mm. For more stable pressing of rails to linings and sleepers, heat-treated curved crutches with springy properties can be used. In separate intermediate fasteners (type D2 and D4), the lining is attached to the sleeper with screws, and the rail to the sleeper with clamps and clamp bolts . These types of fasteners have many details, high metal consumption, but allow laying a seamless track on wooden sleepers and straightening the path by installing additional under-rail gaskets between the sole of the rail and the lining.
Intermediate Rail Fasteners for the track on reinforced concrete sleepers are used of two main types: lining type KB with a rigid clamp and non-lining type KB with a spring clip. In the fastening of the KB, the lining having two ribs is attached to the sleeper with two embedded bolts that are inserted into the sleeper holes and after turning 90°rest against the shoulders into the washer. A inserted dowel is installed under the nut and washer of the prestressed bolt, which provides electrical insulation of the bolt from the lining. An insulating rubber grooved gasket is placed under the lining, which also reduces the rigidity of the structure. Usually the rubber gasket has a thickness of 7 mm, in a sleeper with a recess for a sub-rail tie plate - 14 mm. Clamp bolts securing the clamps are inserted into the holes of the dovetail rib. Leaning with one foot into the lining and the other into the sole of the rail, the clamps fix the rail on the lining. To reduce the rigidity and greater stability of pressing the sole of the rail to the sleeper, a double coil washer is placed under the nut of the terminal bolt, and gaskets are placed under the sole of the rail. The position of the rail can be adjusted in height up to 14 mm by laying additional polyethylene gaskets. The installation of a elastic clamp of the "Crab" type allows you to further reduce the rigidity of the structure. The rail fastening of the reinforced concrete has two prestressed bolts that press the spring clips to the sleeper and the sole of the rail. At the plate terminal, the lower branch reaches the edge of the sole, and the upper branch presses the sole of the rail to the sleeper. The insulation of the prestressed bolt is similar to the insulation of the KB fastener. The rail is insulated from the sleeper by placing a rubber gasket that serves as a shock absorber at the same time. The elastic properties of the clip ensure stable pressing of the sole of the rail to the gasket and sleeper. The fastening of the reinforced concrete does not allow adjusting the rails in height and has insufficient resistance to horizontal lateral forces in steep curves. The main disadvantages of KB rail fasteners - high rigidity and multi-detail - make it possible to eliminate BP-type rail fasteners. At the same time, it remains possible to adjust the position of the rail in height. The fastening of the BP is universal, since when the sub-rail tie plare is deepened by 25 mm, it can be used without lining, but with elastic gaskets and clips. The non-slip ZHBR rail fastener is characterized by increased reliability compared to ZHB rail fastener. As well as the BP-type rail fasteners, it has a prestressed under-rail tie plate and a spring clip in which the sole of the rail is overlapped by its upper and lower branches.